TABACALERA
INSURANCE CO., PRUDENTIAL GUARANTEE & ASSURANCE, INC., and NEW ZEALAND
INSURANCE CO., LTD., vs.NORTH FRONT SHIPPING SERVICES, INC., and COURT OF
APPEALS,
G.R.
No. 119197. May 16, 1997
Facts:
Sacks of grains were loaded on board a vessel
owned by North Front Shipping (common carrier); the consignee: Republic Floor
Mills. The vessel was inspected by representatives of the shipper prior to the
transport and was found fitting to carry the cargo; it was also issued a Permit
to Sail. The goods were successfully delivered but it was not immediately
unloaded by the consignee. There were a shortage of 23.666 metric tons and some
of the merchandise was already moldy and deteriorating. Hence, the consignee
rejected all the cargo and demanded payment of damages from the common carrier.
Upon refusal, the insurance companies (petitioners) were obliged to pay.
Petitioners now allege that there was negligence on the part of the carrier.
The trial court ruled that only ordinary diligence was required since the
charter-party agreement converted North Front Shipping into a private carrier.
Issues:
WON North Front Shipping is a common carrier.
If indeed, did it fail to exercise the required diligence and thus should be
held liable?
Held:
North Front Shipping is a common
carrier. Thus, it has the burden of proving that it observed extraordinary
diligence in order to avoid responsibility for the lost cargo.
The charter-party agreement between North
Front Shipping Services, Inc., and Republic Flour Mills Corporation did not in
any way convert the common carrier into a private carrier. A “charter-party” is
defined as a contract by which an entire ship, or some principal part thereof,
is let by the owner to another person for a specified time or usex x x
Having been in the service since 1968, the
master of the vessel would have known at the outset that corn grains that were
farm wet and not properly dried would eventually deteriorate when stored in
sealed and hot compartments as in hatches of a ship. Equipped with this
knowledge, the master of the vessel and his crew should have undertaken
precautionary measures to avoid or lessen the cargo’s possible deterioration as
they were presumed knowledgeable about the nature of such cargo.
But none of such measures was taken.
It did not even endeavor to establish that the
loss, destruction or deterioration of the goods was due to the following: (a)
flood, storm, earthquake, lightning, or other natural disaster or calamity; (b)
act of the public enemy in war, whether international or civil; © act or
omission of the shipper or owner of the goods; (d) the character of the goods
or defects in the packing or in the containers; (e) order or act of competent
public authority. This is a closed list. If the cause of destruction, loss
or deterioration is other than the enumerated circumstances, then the carrier
is rightly liable therefor.
However, the destruction, loss or deterioration
of the cargo cannot be attributed solely to the carrier. The consignee Republic
Flour Mills Corporation is guilty of contributory negligence. It was seasonably
notified of the arrival of the barge but did not immediately start the
unloading operations.
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